This year, in which we are celebrating the Platinum Jubilee of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, I have seen several on what we shall call the red-pilled right, that is to say that part of the right that is still willing to speak the truth and oppose the left on cultural, social, moral, racial, and sexual issues, say that they are monarchists but not royalists. They make this distinction to express support for the monarchy as an institution but not for the current reigning house. Their reason for so doing is that the accelerated civilizational decay of the last century has taken place during the reign of the current house. I think it is silly to blame the royal family for what has gone on under their reign. We live in a democratic age, and while the ancient institution of monarchy is absolutely fundamental to the legitimacy of government in any age, the manner in which it performs its essential role and function is different in a democratic age than in a non-democratic one. While I agree with the principle that a good institution and office, such as monarchy, should be supported and defended even if the current officeholder is unworthy – Alexandre Dumas père put an excellent speech explaining this principle in the mouth of Athos in one of his D’Artagnan novels, I think the third one, the Vicomte de Bragellone, and applied to the church rather than the state, this same principle is the reason why Donatism is a heresy – I don’t think there is need for it at the present moment and so am both a monarchist and a royalist. Royalism doesn’t mean thinking members of the royal family to be above criticism. I do not think that it is to His Highness the Prince of Wales’ credit that he has been duped to the extent he has by the lies of the Green movement and am very glad that his dim-witted younger son and his awful American bride are not in the direct line of succession. Nevertheless, the monarchy is the only state institution of which I can honestly say that the office is a good one and is currently held by someone worthy of it. Parliament, like the monarchy is a good institution - not because it conforms to the democratic ideal of the age but because it is much older than the age and has weathered the tests of time – but by contrast with the monarchy, and this is true both of the mother Parliament in the UK and of our own here in Canada, is presently filled with despicable, low-life, scum, unworthy of it. There is an even greater contrast with certain other government offices and institutions, such as the civil service bureaucracy tasked with regulating our everyday lives – one of the evils of the present day is that government relies far too much on regulation rather than legislation to pursue its agendas – and more especially those charged with enforcing laws and regulations, like social services and the police. These are not good institutions – at best they can be said to be necessary evils – and are frequently staffed by people who make the elected politicians look better by comparison.
All of the trends
that the rightists mentioned in the preceding paragraph so rightly decry arise
out of the age in which we live, or the one that preceded it if we accept the
premise that the Modern Age ended around the time of the Second World War, and
out of the democratic spirit of that age. If blame for the
accelerated civilizational decay of recent decades is to be allotted to human
agents, therefore, a portion of it must go to the politicians, but the bulk of
it belongs to those who mold and shape popular and public opinion.
This can in turn be divided into two portions, one going to the educational
system and the other to the media. In any democratic age, the media
will wield far too much power and influence, and this problem is enhanced,
perhaps exponentially, when the democratic age is also an age of increasingly
advanced technology especially in the area of mass
communications. This combination of conditions has
characterized the post-World War II world and is largely responsible for
producing the phenomena that Marshall McLuhan so presciently named and
discussed decades before they became matters of household conversation, such as
the “global village” and, more relevantly, “the medium is the message”.
The
technological mass communications media’s contribution to our state of advanced
civilizational decline and decay is plain for everyone to see. While media, the plural of medium, most
properly denotes the machines used to convey information to large numbers of
people at one time over vast distances, we also use it to refer to the
organizations who spread their message through the media proper. When the term is used in this second sense
it is a collective term, in which all such organizations are understood to be
included. There are two - or perhaps
three if we include the new category of online social media – recognized
general kinds of media, under the larger umbrella. These are the news media and the
entertainment media. The news media is the fourth estate, no
longer dependent upon the one medium of print, but with the expanded platform
and amplified soundboard of radio, television, and now the internet. Even when confined to print, much of the
fourth estate leaned towards views that were Modern, whether classical liberal
or progressive left, in its editorializing, but since shifting to the new
electronic media it has become more heavily slanted towards the Modern, within
the Modern to the progressive left rather than to the classical liberal, and
within the progressive left to wokeness rather than classical Marxism. While this is, of course, a matter of a
shift of opinion on the part of the people who make up the fourth estate, the
electronic media, at the same time that it makes it easier for journalists to
communicate to larger numbers of people, seems to make it more difficult to
maintain the distinction between reporting and editorializing, a problem that
is enhanced by the huge gap between perception and reality with regards to the
reliability of visual media, i.e., that people tend to think video footage
makes it harder to deceive and to spin, when in reality it makes it easier.
That having
been said, arguably the greater contribution to the spread of civilization
rotting cultural and moral poison is that of the entertainment media. Go to almost any movie in the theatres, watch almost
any show on television, and especially watch the shows and movies that are made
to be viewed through online streaming, and you will find one or more of the
messages of wokeness preached at you. Wokeness, as a cultural
phenomenon, resembles what used to be called political correctness taken to the
nth degree. As a phenomenon of the world of ideas it is often called
Cultural Marxism by those, such as this writer, who oppose it, but it is
probably more accurate to describe it as that which has filled the ideological
vacuum that the collapse of Marxism left on the left. It exists to
serve the same end as the original Marxism, which was to provide a theoretical
justification for the actions of revolutionaries who hated existing
civilization and its political, cultural, religious, and social institutions
and who wished to burn it all to the ground and replace it with something else
that they naively believed would be better rather than much worse.
The theory by which the Marxists sought to justify such destructive behaviour
was based upon the false notion, which the Marxists shared with, and in fact
borrowed from, the classical liberals, that everything else, social, political,
cultural, religious, can be explained by the economic. Everything
bad in society, Marx taught, can be traced back to private property, to the
first distinction between “mine” and “thine”, which divided people into classes
of “haves” and “have nots” with the former oppressing the latter until the
latter rise up and overthrow the former becoming the new “haves”, a process
that, he maintained, would end with the final class of “have nots”, the
industrial working class, overthrowing their oppressors, and establishing a
society of collective ownership in which there are no “haves” and “have nots”,
everyone is a worker who contributes according to his ability and receives
according to his need, and everyone is finally happy. Every attempt
to put this theory into practice has produced not the paradise on earth that it
promises but the exact opposite, a totalitarian hell achieved at the expense of
millions of lives. The practice having so thoroughly debunked the
theory, the civilization-haters needed a new theory to replace it and so
wokeness was born. Wokeness is similar to Marxism in that it claims
the oppressed need to rise up against their oppressors and overthrow them to
establish a new, better, society. It differs from Marxism in that
the oppressed and oppressors are not defined economically but by race, sex,
gender, sexuality, and other such identities. White people,
according to the woke, and not just white people who act in a certain way, but
all white people, are racists and all other people are the victims of the
oppression of racism. Males, according to the woke, and not just
males who act in a certain way but all males, are sexists and all women are the
victims of sexist oppression. Furthermore, through the doctrine of
intersectionality, wokeness teaches that white males are guiltier of
oppression than people who are just one or the other and that non-white women
are more oppressed than white women or non-white men. Using words
like “racist” and “sexist”, that became household words a few generations ago
with the understanding that they refer to variations on the theme of disliking
someone for who that person is racially, sexually, etc., wokeness condemns
white males for their whiteness and maleness and demands that they denounce
themselves. Although wokeness is even more palpably absurd as a
theory than Marxism, and getting more so each day – it now claims that
non-white people can be guilty of “whiteness” if they disagree with wokeness –
it is promoted as being self-evidently what all right-thinking people must
agree with by the mass communications media. Some try to avoid being bombarded by this
indoctrination and propaganda by watching only shows and movies that are sixty
years old or older but this is not entirely foolproof. Those who hate civilization and its
structures recognized from the beginning how useful to their cause the new
communications technology would be and you can find early antecedents of the
woke message in old shows, even some that few people would think of as being political
at all, much less as having a progressive slant.
Mass
communications media of this type would have had a pernicious influence in any
democratic age because it is the nature of this media to speak to people when
they are at their most gullible and stupid, that is to say, when they form the
type of collective that we call the “crowd” or the “herd” or just the
“masses”. While individual human persons vary greatly one from the
other in terms of their intelligence, each person as he is in himself, or even
as a member of the better sort of collectives, such traditional ones as the
family and the community, is far smarter and more rational, than that same
person is as a member of a crowd. The problem is greatly
exacerbated, however, by the effect the same Modern Age of democracy and
technology has had on education.
Socrates,
Plato and Aristotle, who laid the foundation upon which the entire edifice of
the philosophical tradition of our civilization is built, lived in what was
regarded as the gold standard of democracy in the ancient world, Athens, during
and just after, the days of Pericles. Unimpressed, they regarded
democracy as the worst of the three basic forms of government, as being
basically an empowered mob, and as being the mother of tyranny, the corrupt
counterpart of true kingship, which they correctly regarded as the best of the
basic forms of government. The Modern Age rejected that judgement,
reversed it, and made democracy its ideal. An ideal is an abstract mental construct
held by its believers to be a pattern to which real people and institutions
ought to conform. An inclination to
prefer these abstract constructions over existing institutions, and to evaluate
the latter on the basis of the former rather than by how they have endured,
adapted, and proven themselves through history, is one of the most basic flaws
of the thinking of the Modern Age.
Rejecting the wisdom of the ancients and making democracy into such an
ideal is another such flaw, one which compounds the first one. Note
that democracy, the abstract political ideal of the Modern Age,
must be distinguished from parliament, the pre-Modern, concrete
institution. Parliament is an
institution that is a mixed constitution, and as such includes democracy as an
element or aspect and so can be said to be democratic. By
including elements other than democracy, however, it is also more than democratic,
which contributes to the worth it has demonstrated through the long periods of
history over which it has evolved, been tried and tested, and proved
itself. It is folly – and bad
arithmetic – on the part of Modern liberal and republican thought, to think
that inclusion of elements other than democracy in Parliament, such the ancient
institution of hereditary monarchy, makes it less than democratic, a bad thing, rather than more than democratic, a good thing. Being a castle in the air,
Modern democracy takes whatever shape the thinker who makes it his ideal
chooses to give it and it has been given many different shapes, some better
than others. One form of the democratic
ideal – what is usually called liberal democracy – is the idea of a society, in
which each individual, as a rational being who can think for himself, has the
power of decision over the affairs which are strictly his own, and a voice in
the government that has that power over affairs which belong to the collective
society. This is probably the best form
of the ideal. Another form of the
democratic ideal, is that of a society the government of which is the
expression of the sovereign general will of the people, from which no dissent
is tolerated. In this, the worst form
of the ideal, democracy and totalitarianism are one and the same. The former version of the ideal, is similar
to the democracy that is a traditional element of our parliamentary system and
is the form of the ideal that is usually associated with the United
States. The latter version of the ideal
is that which is found in the writings of Rousseau and which has inspired every
totalitarian terror state since 1789. While
the American and the Rousseauian forms of the ideal are radically different
from each other, what they have in common that make them both versions of a
democratic ideal that is distinctly Modern is that in both democracy is tied to
another ideal, that of equality.
Americans and Communists alike, think of democracy as the government of
an egalitarian society. In this too,
Modern thought departs from ancient thought in a direction that is bad. Equality is an idol of sorts, a counterfeit
of the good that has been known as justice since ancient times.
Justice means treating everybody rightly, equality means treating everybody the
same. Equality sells itself to people as the ideal of treating
perfect strangers as if they were brethren, but when it is translated into
practice it means treating your brothers as if they were perfect strangers.
Over the last
couple of centuries the Modern ideal of democratic equality has been
increasingly applied to education. Beginning in the nineteenth
century, universal, compulsory education, provided by the state, the tenth of
the “ten planks” of Marx and Engels’ Communist Manifesto, (1) was
introduced in every country of the Western world in the name of liberal,
democratic, equality. This immediately led to the rise of
educational reformers who demanded a new curriculum dumbed down to the
level of the least bright and capable, This
speaks volumes about the true nature of this ideal of equality. The idea that all children between certain
ages should be given formal schooling whether they or their parents want it or
not is derived from the ideal of equality.
In theory, this ideal applied in this way could mean that all the
children for whom universal, compulsory, education opened the doors of the
schools had as much aptitude and capability for learning the rigorous, older,
curriculum as any student for whom such schooling had been available in older,
more restrictive, eras. Clearly,
however, the progressive educational reformers who demanded that the schools
change their curriculum and indeed their entire method of teaching, did not believe
any such thing.
Of course, the
progressive education reformers did not word their proposals in terms of
dumbing down the curriculum. That is,
however, what theories that de-emphasized the importance of teaching and
learning facts and which stressed adding all sorts of other activities to the
classroom, ultimately boiled down to. In
the old days, in arithmetic class the teacher was expected to instruct the
pupils on how to add, subtract, multiply and divide and the pupils were
expected to learn how to do these basic mathematical tasks. If, at
the end of the term, a pupil could not put two and two together and come up
with four, he was deemed to have failed the class and would be held back from
advancement to repeat the course. If, at the end of the term, none
of the pupils could arrive at that sum, the teacher was deemed to have failed,
and was sacked. Similarly, in history class, the teacher was
expected to drill into his pupils’ heads that Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon
in 49 BC, sent a letter to the Senate saying “Veni, vidi, vici” after defeating
Pharnaces of Pontus two years later, and was assassinated by a conspiracy of
Senators including his friends Brutus and Cassius on the Ides of March in 44
BC. If, in the evaluation at the end of the class, a pupil thought
that Julius Caesar became Emperor of France in 1804 AD, invaded Russia in 1812
AD, and was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 AD, he would suffer the
same fate as the arithmetic student who put two and two together and came up
with five. If all the pupils thought this, it would be again
evident that it was the teacher who had failed in his task. The
same thing, mutatis mutandis, was the case with all academic subjects. While
it would be a caricature, of course, to say that the progressive reformers were
okay with students coming out of class thinking two plus two makes seven and
confusing Caesar with Napoleon, in their theories they argued that imparting
knowledge such as history and math ought not to be the primary purpose of
schools, but rather socializing children to live as adults in an egalitarian
democratic society. Schools that serve that purpose, however, are
institutions of indoctrination rather than education.
That
compulsory, universal, education would inevitably lead to schools becoming
indoctrination camps rather than places where the essentials of the body of
knowledge that our civilization in particular and mankind in general have
accumulated are imparted to children along with the mental tools that provide
access to that body of knowledge as a whole and training in the mental
disciplines necessary for each to think for himself was entirely, logically,
predictable. If the government passes a
law requiring all children between such and such an age to go to school, it
will have to provide schools for families that cannot afford private schools
and for which there is no other alternative such as parochial or other
religious schools. A government that
provides schooling will control the schools it provides. Since the purpose of compulsory, universal,
education is to ensure that the same basic level of education is provided to
all children, the government will want to extend the control it already exercises
over the schools it provides itself, to all other schools. Such control requires a ministry of
education, and a ministry of education, staffed by bureaucrats, the odious sort
of people who think that their own college or university degrees qualifies them
to make other people’s decisions for them and entitles them to boss and control those
other people, will treat the schools under its control as indoctrination
centres.
It should not
surprise us, therefore, to find that in Canada and the United States, the
reforms of the most influential of North American progressive educational
reformers, American philosopher John Dewey, were imposed from the top down by
education bureaucrats. It would have
been very unlikely that Dewey, a disciple of every sort of wrong-headed idea –
William James’ philosophy of pragmatism, secular humanism, i.e., the atheist
variety, not the Renaissance humanism that gave new life to the classical
system of education, Fabian socialism, which, as its name indicates (2), was a
form of socialism that sought to achieve its ends through a long-term strategy
of gradual change rather than revolution, to name just three – would have been
able to spread his educational snake oil to the extent he did if he had to
convince each local school board, answerable to the parents in their own
community, separately.
What might
seem surprising about this, is that the predictable disastrous consequences of
both the bureaucratization of education resulting from compulsory, universal,
public schooling and the collapse of rigorous standards of learning due to the
implementation of progressive reforms, was not more widely foreseen when these
things were first introduced by those who had the advantage of having been
educated prior to all of this. It is
helpful, therefore, to take note of the fact that education had been corrupted
by the Modern Age long before this. In a short essay entitled “Modern Education
and the Classics” that first appeared in
print in his 1936 Essays Ancient and
Modern, later moved to the 1950 expanded edition of his 1932 Selected Essays, T. S. Eliot
distinguished between three attitudes towards education, which he dubbed the
liberal, radical, and, the orthodox. Although
he named three such attitudes, he wrote “There are two and only two finally
tenable hypotheses about life: the Catholic and the materialist.” By Catholic, the Anglican Eliot did not mean
the dogmas particular to the Church of Rome, but the orthodox Christian faith
of the Church Fathers, the Ecumenical Councils, and the ancient Creeds. Immediately after this he wrote “The defence
of the study of the classical languages must ultimately rest upon their association
with the former, as must the defence of the primacy of the contemplative over
the active life”. This is the orthodox
attitude for which he argued – that education must ultimately be based on
religion, that orthodox Christianity should be that religion rather than the
materialism that is the religion of radicalism such as that of Communism, and
the study of the classics, beginning with the ancient Latin and Greek
languages, is the best subject material for the training of the mind. What he calls the liberal attitude, is the
attitude that regards one subject as being just as good as the other and holds
that the student should follow his own inclination, and study what interests
him. While this would seem to be very
different to how the word “liberal” is ordinarily used with regards to
education, i.e., as denoting the study of specific subjects, the liberal arts,
note that Eliot dismissed the defending of the study of the classics “by a
philosophy of humanism” as a “tardy rearguard action which attempts to arrest
the progress of liberalism just before the end of its march: an action,
besides, which is being fought by troops which are already half-liberalized
themselves”. Radicalism, which Eliot
correctly notes is “the offspring of liberalism”, he contrasts with liberalism
in that its attitude towards education is not one of indifference to subject
matter, but one in which the subjects of traditional education are devalued and
“scientific knowledge” is exalted.
Radicalism openly embraces the materialist worldview in which direction
liberalism pointed without going all the way.
As Eliot aptly put it “while liberalism did not know what it wanted of
education, radicalism does know; and it wants the wrong thing.” Note the shift in tense. Liberalism had already done most of its
damage in the past by this point in time, now it was radicalism’s turn.
Nine years
after Eliot’s essay first appeared in print, and seven before the death of John
Dewey, an event took place that illustrated how Modern thought had placed
Western education on the wrong track long before the progressive reforms of the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
This event was the one that ushered in the atomic age – the development
of bombs that unleashed tremendous, unprecedented, destructive power through
the splitting of atoms and their deployment in the annihilation of the Japanese
cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of the Second World War. What
makes this such a perfect illustration is that it shows both sides of the
ledger clearly. On the one hand, having
unleashed the power contained in the bonds of the atom and bent it to the
purposes of man, can be seen as the ultimate achievement of the end of four and
a half centuries of Modern science, the harnessing of nature to serve the will
of man, or as Sir Francis Bacon put it in his unfinished novella New Atlantis “the knowledge of Causes,
and the secret motions of things; and the enlarging of the bounds of Human
Empire, to the affecting of all things possible”. On the other hand, the invention of a weapon
which cannot possibly be employed in a just manner, an invention that would
give man the ability to eradicate himself and everything else in the world in
which he lives, and the actual use of such a weapon, shows that something was
lost or given up in exchange for this achievement. George Grant was fond of quoting J. Robert
Oppenheimer, the physics professor from Berkeley who headed the Manhattan
Project’s Los Alamos Laboratory, as having said “If you see something that is
technically sweet, you go ahead and do it.”
In this quotation, Grant saw the ethical attitude – or lack thereof – of
Modern technological science summed up in a nutshell. It does not recognize any limits, other than
those imposed by his capability at any given moment, on what man does with the
tools and techniques it provides him. If
Modern man, through Modern science, gained the knowledge that enabled him to
build the atomic bomb, he in exchange gave up the knowledge that belonged to
him in pre-Modern ages that he himself is accountable to such unchanging
external standards as Goodness, which tell him what he ought and ought not to
do. The result of such an exchange is a
net loss. The knowledge given up, is
far greater and more important, than the knowledge gained. Oswald Spengler knew what he was talking
about when he characterized Modern Western civilization as Faustian after the
sixteenth century German magician (3) who according to legend and literature
sold his soul to Mephistopheles. Although
Spengler’s pessimism might suggest Christopher Marlowe’s tragic interpretation
of the legend which ends with the death and damnation of Dr. Faustus, he
actually had Goethe’s Romantic interpretation of the legend in mind. In this version of the story unlimited
knowledge is what the scholar gives up in exchange for his soul. Note, however, that if the ability to
harness the atom to his own destruction is the product of the knowledge that
Modern man has gained through his Faustian bargain, his story may very well
play out along the lines of Marlowe’s play rather than Goethe’s.
Three years
after the end of World War II and the dropping of the atomic bomb, two short works
were published. One of these was a book
published by the University of Chicago which gave it the title Ideas Have Consequences. The author was Richard M. Weaver, a scholar
who taught in the university’s English department. I mention this here because it provides a
detailed account of how Western Civilization got to the point discussed in the
previous paragraph. Interestingly,
another symptom that Weaver gave of the intellectual decline and decay of
Western Civilization was what he called “The Great Stereopticon”, which is what
we would call the mass media. The only
other thing I will note here about this book, which
I reviewed at length a few years ago, is that one of the aspects of the
downward spiral he traces all the way from Ockham’s nominalism to Hiroshima, is
the gradual shift of education away from general knowledge to specialized
knowledge, a natural enough concomitant to the abandonment of the idea of
knowledge as an organic whole, with a structured, hierarchical, order to it in
which knowledge of that whole (the general) ranks far above knowledge of the
constituent parts (the specialized) in importance.
That knowledge
is properly regarded as an organic whole rather than an assortment of unrelated
subjects was also an important theme of the second work published in 1948, by the
London publishing firm of Methuen and Company.
This was a booklet by the title The
Lost Tools of Learning that had been presented by its author as a paper at
a summer course on education at Oxford the year previously. Its author was Dorothy L. Sayers, a scholar,
translator, Christian apologist, poet and novelist, who is probably most widely
remembered today as the author of the series of mystery novels featuring Lord
Peter Wimsey. In this essay Sayers criticized
Modern education for succeeding in teaching students subjects – specialized
fields of knowledge - while failing in the more important task of teaching them
how to think. The very first of the
questions she asked at the beginning of the essay to show that there is a
problem is the following:
Has it ever struck you as odd,
or unfortunate, that to-day, when the proportion of literacy throughout Western
Europe is higher than it has ever been, people should have become susceptible
to the influence of advertisement and mass-propaganda to an extent hitherto
unheard-of and unimagined?
She proposed
reforms along very different lines to those of progressive reformers such as
Dewey. At the outset she said that it
was “highly improbable” that her proposals would be “carried into effect”
because nobody in a position to implement them “would countenance them for a
moment” because:
they amount to this:
that if we are to produce a society of educated people, fitted to preserve
their intellectual freedom amid the complex pressures of our modern society, we
must turn back the wheel of progress some four or five hundred years, to the
point at which education began to lose sight of its true object, towards the
end of the Middle Ages.
While Modern education teaches children far more subjects
than ever before, Sayers argued, Medieval education actually taught them more
by teaching them less, because the Medieval system began by giving them the
tools alluded to in her title, the tools with which they could learn any
subject. Eliot, in the earlier essay
discussed above, said that the liberal “is apt to maintain the apparently
unobjectionable view that education is not a mere acquisition of facts, but a
training of the mind as an instrument, to deal with any class of facts, to
reason, and to apply the training obtained in one department in dealing with
new ones” but infers from this that “one subject is as good, for education, as
another”. Sayers, no liberal, argued
that three specific subjects comprised the tools needed to educate the mind to
think and to learn other subjects. These
are what was called the Trivium in the Middle Ages although they go back much
further. These are Grammar, Logic –
Sayers called it Dialectic – and Rhetoric, which have been considered the foundation
of all other education since classical antiquity. These
are the first three of what prior to the Modern Age were considered the seven
liberal arts. (4) They were called that, not because they had
anything to do with liberalism in the Modern political sense, but because they
were regarded as the education essential for a freeman, the Latin word for
which is liber. (5) They were regarded as
the education essential for a freeman because it was these which trained the
mind to think. Note that each of
Trivium subjects trains the mind in an aspect of language and its uses. Language is the essential construction
material from which thoughts are built.
In grammar, language qua language,
is what is studied and learned – words, the different kinds of words, the different
uses of the different kinds of words, how they are inflected and how they
combine to form clauses, sentences and paragraphs. Logic builds on grammar, by training the
mind to use the language skills learned in grammar, to form arguments and how
to tell good arguments from bad arguments.
Rhetoric is the next step – the art of taking your arguments and expressing
them in a way that is persuasive to others.
(6)
There are several interesting and striking contrasts between
Sayers’ proposal to revive that which as the foundation of education from
classical antiquity through the end of the Middle Ages demonstrated that it
worked and worked well on the one hand and the theories of the progressive
education experts on the other. Dewey,
et al. insisted that their theories were based on the latest in the dubious
social pseudo-sciences, especially psychology.
Sayers, by contrast, dismissed her own views on “child-psychology” as
“neither orthodox nor enlightened”. She
said that, however, by way of introducing three stages of development that she
observed in her remembrance of her own childhood which she dubbed the
Poll-Parrot, Pert, and Poetic stages.
The first stage is characterized by remembering and reciting, the second
by questioning and contradicting, and the third by independence seeking and
self-expression. This seems accurate
enough, as does her observation that “the lay-out of the Trivium adopts itself
with a singular appropriateness to these three ages.” Indeed.
It is almost as if the Ancients and Medievals didn’t need to wait for
Modern psychologists to tell them how a child’s mind develops and designed
their curriculum to meet the needs of the mind at the stages they could easily
observe for themselves.
Even people who are only vaguely familiar with Dewey’s
progressive education theories usually know that he was down on rote
memorization. This, he maintained, just
filled children’s heads with facts that they did not understand. Sayers, by contrast, drew the appropriate
conclusion from the fact that in the earliest stage of the mind’s development
memory is the most prominent mental faculty and memorizing comes easiest –
nobody would be able to learn to speak their native tongue were it otherwise –
namely, that education for children at this stage should make maximum use of the
memory. Grammar, the first of the
Trivium, mostly involves memorization.
Like Eliot, Sayers thought Latin to be the best language for this. I wholly agree and will quote her
explanation in toto because it can
hardly be improved on:
I will say at once,
quite firmly, that the best grounding for education is the Latin grammar. I say
this, not because Latin is traditional and mediaeval, but simply because even a
rudimentary knowledge of Latin cuts down the labour and pains of learning
almost any other subject by at least fifty per cent. It is the key to the vocabulary
and structure of all the Romance languages and to the structure of all the
Teutonic languages, as well as to the technical vocabulary of all the sciences
and to the literature of the entire Mediterranean civilisation, together with
all its historical documents.
If you have ever studied Latin – or ancient Greek – you will
know how much memorization is involved.
There is vocabulary, of course – agricola
means farmer, femina means woman, amicus means friend, bellum means war, gladius means sword, vir
means man, tempus means time, arcus means arch, genu
means knee, res means thing, amo means “I love”, habeo means “I have”, lego
means “I read”, audio means “I hear”,
etc. (et cetera – and others) – and for each of these words, you need to
memorize at least one other form – four in total for the verbs – in order to
inflect them properly. You also need to
learn the declensions of the nouns and the conjugations of the verbs. There are five of the former, each with
singular and plural forms for six cases. (7)
There are four verbal conjugations, with six tenses, three moods, and
two voices. (8) Other things that need to be memorized
include the different uses of the different forms of these words, and a host of
rules about how to put different kinds of words together to form various kinds
of clauses. That is a lot of
memorization. (9)
On top of that, Sayers said that this stage, when the child
is learning Latin Grammar, is the best time for him to begin learning a
contemporary language other than his own, and that he should be learning
English verse and prose by heart, and memorizing such things as the dates of
historical events and persons, the names of places in geography, the
multiplication table in mathematics, and basically everything that Dewey and
his acolytes pooh-poohed, including what she called the “Grammar of Theology” –
“the story of God and Man in outline, i.e., the Old and New Testament presented
as parts of a single narrative of Creation, Rebellion, and Redemption – and
also with ‘the Creed, the Lord’s Prayer, and the Ten Commandments’”.
Sayers’ concluded her paragraph about Theology by saying “At
this stage, it does not matter nearly so much that these things should be fully
understood as that they should be known and remembered. Remember, it is
material that we are collecting.” This
expresses a view of memorization that is the polar opposite of John
Dewey’s. A moment’s reflection should lead to the
realization that Sayers was right and Dewey was wrong. Factual knowledge is not contrary to
understanding, but rather the essential prerequisite of it. Or perhaps it would be better to say that it
is the first step in understanding.
Either way, it is obvious that one cannot begin to understand what one
does not know.
Take the event that is central to the Christian faith – the
Resurrection of Jesus Christ. One of
the two basic facts with which St. Paul summarized the Gospel, the essential
Christian kerygma, in his first epistle to the Corinthians, it includes the
other (one cannot rise from the dead unless one has first died), and so a full unfolding
of the meaning of the Resurrection must also include the meaning of Christ’s
death. The significance of the
Resurrection is multifaceted – it has significance for mankind as a whole, and
for his world, his history, and his telos, as well as significance for the
salvation of the individual believer in each of its aspects of justification,
sanctification, and glorification, and for the Church, the faith society that
Christ founded through His Apostles, to list but a few of the most important. To come to a full understanding of the meaning
contained in a single one of these facets, let alone the Resurrection in all of
its facets, is beyond the capacity of mortal achievement My point, however, is that one cannot begin
to understand the Resurrection even to the extent for which the mortal mind has
capacity, if he does not first know that Jesus Christ rose from the dead.
This holds true for all facts.
By the nineteenth century, the errors of the Modern Age had
already so permeated institutions of learning that even many of those that
remained nominally Christian were teaching as if they were secular
materialists. Western civilization was already in the grip
of the sort of thinking that worshipped science and technology, boasting of all
that it could achieve through these instruments, and turning its back on the
older wisdom that told him to strive for certain ends, which were Good, and to
turn from those which were not. Then,
in the nineteenth century, in the name of liberalism, every Western country adopted
the Marxist idea that the state should provide compulsory education to all
children. Then, in the early twentieth
century, the newly state-controlled and bureaucratized educational systems,
implemented the reforms proposed by idiots who thought that they could discard every
time-tested and proven method and tool of pedagogy, and somehow pull a superior
method of learning out of their rear ends, by “following the science” of
psychology. Since these twits lacked
the common sense to realize that knowledge preceded understanding, and that
therefore an education that trains the mind to reason and understand well must
start by filling the mind with as many facts as possible in the early years
when memory is the most pronounced faculty, they dismissed the teaching of
facts, and rote memorization, and so produced a system that starved the mind of
the very food it needs to grow properly.
The title that University of Saskatchewan history professor Hilda Neatby
borrowed from Cardinal Newman’s remark about the superiority of auto didacticism
to systems that promise wonderful results but really do “so little for the mind”
was very appropriate therefore to her scathing indictment of Canadian education
as it was after the provinces had adopted the progressive reforms. By the end of the century, institutions of
higher learning had either had to introduce remedial courses to provide their incoming
students with skills, including the three r’s, that they should have learned
long prior to college or university, or to otherwise accommodate themselves to
the situation by abandoning the rigorous curriculum for which their new
students were no longer prepared and replacing it with worse-than-useless drivel
courses that do little other than encourage their students to hate whites,
Christians, males, heterosexuals, cis-gendered people, and Western Civilization.
Is it any wonder that so many supposedly “educated” people
today accept – and, worse, demand that others accept – the idea that a girl who
thinks she is a boy is right rather than in a similar state of confusion to the
man who thinks he is a chicken or the American president who thinks he is a
jelly donut, fail to recognize that the applying of possessive pronouns like “my”,
“your”, “his” and “her” to universals like truth strips the latter of their
meaning, think that the solution to the social problem of people looking at
groups and individuals and seeing only the colour of their skin rather than a
myriad of far more important qualities is for people, except those of a
designated “villain” skin colour, to have role models that “look like them”, subscribe
to the whole host of “woke” notions each as stupid as these, and think that the
appropriate response to anyone who asks tough, penetrating, questions that challenge
their ideas is to scream “denier” and call the police?
It is about time we started following Dorothy Sayers’
advice!
Vivat Regina!
(2) The Fabian Society took its name from Fabius Maximus the Roman dictator who through a strategy of delay kept Rome from falling to Carthaginian General Hannibal the Barcid in the Second Punic War
(3) The historical Johann Faust achieved a level of fame in Germany in the early 1500s as an alchemist, astrologer, performing magician, and dabbler in every sort of occult art, and later attained a more respectable reputation as a physician and scholar, before blowing himself up in a hotel in Staufen in 1541. The nasty nature of his death revived all the stories about his league with the devil that had circulated in his earlier career. Pamphlets telling these stories, usually as a moral admonition, began to appear in Germany shortly thereafter, one of which came into the hands of Christopher Marlowe, the Elizabethan playwright, who made it the basis of his The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, which ensured that the legend would live on. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s two-part play that appeared in the early nineteenth century, turned Faust into a Romantic hero and radically changed the ending of the story both from history (Goethe’s Faust becomes a powerful official who just drops dead rather than ending up in a million scattered pieces) and Marlowe (Goethe’s Faust is ultimately redeemed).
(4) The last four of the pre-Modern liberal arts were the Quadrivium – Arithmetic, Geometry, Music and Astronomy. The Trivium was the basic foundational education. The Quadrivium was the secondary education built on the Trivium. Each of the Trivium – Grammar, Logic, Rhetoric – pertains to words and language in one way or another. Each of the Quadrivium pertains to numbers in one way or another (if you don’t see this with regards to Music and Astronomy, reading about Pythagoras’ theories on these subjects will make it plain). Like the Trivium, the Quadrivium and the entire concept of the liberal arts goes back to ancient times – they appear in the writings of Plato – although the names for them, from the Latin words for “three ways” and “four ways” respectively, date to the Middle Ages.
(5) If the first vowel is long, that is. Liber with a short i is the word for book, from which our “library” is derived.
(6) This is rhetoric in the best sense of the word. In the dialogues of Plato, another kind of rhetoric appears, that taught by the Sophists – Gorgias, Protagoras, etc. – who specialized in teaching people how to speak convincingly, even if what they were arguing for wasn’t true. Socrates, as he is depicted by his disciple Plato, challenged the Sophists and this practice. Interestingly, in the alternative version of Socrates found in Aristophanes’ The Clouds, Socrates himself was depicted as the chief Sophist who runs a school in which he teaches bums and losers how to speak so as to make a weaker argument seem to be the stronger, so they can sue their neighbours in court. Keep in mind, however, that Aristophanes wrote satire and his depiction of Socrates was obviously a caricature and not intended to be taken seriously. The point is that the kind of rhetoric taught by the Sophists in Plato, and by Socrates himself in the Clouds, the deceptive use of oratory to make bad arguments seem good, is not the rhetoric of the classical Trivium.
(7) Nouns also have genders, of which there are three masculine, feminine, and neuter. The neuter in every declension that has one, always declines differently from the masculine and feminine. This is also true of the masculine and feminine in general, but not within a declension. The first and fifth declensions, the only ones without a neuter, are mostly feminine nouns (there is only one masculine fifth declension noun, dies – day, although it has many compounds), with the few masculine being identical in form to the feminine. The first declension is the standard paradigm for the feminine for other kinds of words – adjectives, pronouns, etc., that decline like nouns. The second declension has two paradigms, masculine and neuter, which are the standard paradigms for the masculine and neuter of other declining words. The few second declension feminine nouns take the masculine form. In the other declensions, there is generally one paradigm that does double duty for masculine and feminine, and another for the neuter. In the examples of vocabulary given, the ten nouns are masculine and feminine examples of the first declension, then the standard masculine and neuters of the second declension, with gladius being one slight variation on the second declension masculine as is liber referred to earlier in the essay, followed by a masculine and neuter example from the very irregular third declension, then masculine and neuter examples of the fourth, and a feminine example of the fifth.
(8) The four verbs in the examples of vocabulary given are examples of the four conjugations in order. There is a variation of the third conjugation in which the lexical form of the verb – the first person present singular indicative – ends in io, and for the most part conjugates like the fourth conjugation, although it shows itself to be third conjugation in the second principal part, the present active infinitive. Facio, facere, the verb for making or doing is an example of this. Our word “fact” comes from the fourth principal part of this verb, which is the perfect passive participle which has the meaning “having been made” or “having been done”.
(9) While the point of the last two notes and the paragraph to which they and this are appended is to emphasize how much memorization is involved in learning Latin grammar, they also illustrate a point that supports Sayers’ argument that Latin is the best language for the Grammar stage of the Trivium. Latin is the language of grammar. All of the technical terms of grammar come from Latin. Noun, like the name of the first of the cases in a declension, the nominative case used for the subject, which is the dictionary form of the word, comes from nomen, the Latin word for “name”. The same is true of the names of the other cases, with case itself coming from the Latin casus, which means “a fall”. The cases form a declension which comes from the Latin declinare “to bend or slope downward”, just as the verbal (verb from verbum the Latin word for word) paradigm, conjunction, comes from a Latin compound formed from cum – "with" – and iungere – “to join or unite” (fourth principal part = iunctum). The structure of the Greek language is very similar to that of Latin, and in my case, I studied Greek formally in college, before studying Latin. Having studied Greek made studying Latin easier, but it seems clear that it would have been easier still to have studies the languages in the other order.
